The Indian Constitutional Law is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest-written constitution of any country in the world. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.
The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of India officially became the modern and contemporary Republic of India. The Constitution declares India a sovereign, secular, socialist republic and guarantees justice, equality, and liberty to all its citizens.
The words “socialist” and “secular” were added to the preamble in 1976 by constitutional amendment. India celebrates the adoption of the Constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day.
The Constitution has been amended several times since 1950. As of October 2020, there have been 104 amendments to the Constitution, the first 20 of which were passed between 1950.
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