{"id":36108,"date":"2025-07-25T14:10:43","date_gmt":"2025-07-25T08:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/?p=36108"},"modified":"2025-07-25T14:10:46","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T08:40:46","slug":"new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/","title":{"rendered":"New Lichen Species Allographa effusosoredica Discovered in Western Ghats \u2013 Biodiversity Boost for India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#New_lichen_species_Allographa_effusosoredica_discovered_in_Western_Ghats_by_Agharkar_Research_Institute_marking_Indias_first_DNA-confirmed_Allographa_species_Learn_key_facts_for_UPSC_SSC_and_government_exams\" >New lichen species Allographa effusosoredica discovered in Western Ghats by Agharkar Research Institute, marking India\u2019s first DNA-confirmed Allographa species. Learn key facts for UPSC, SSC, and government exams.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#New_Lichen_Species_%E2%80%93_Allographa_effusosoredica_Discovered_in_the_Western_Ghats\" >New Lichen Species \u2013 Allographa effusosoredica Discovered in the Western Ghats<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Taxonomy_Description\" >Taxonomy &amp; Description<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Molecular_Identification_Phylogeny\" >Molecular Identification &amp; Phylogeny<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Ecological_and_Scientific_Significance\" >Ecological and Scientific Significance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Future_Prospects\" >Future Prospects<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Why_This_News_Matters\" >Why This News Matters<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Relevance_for_Competitive_Exams\" >Relevance for Competitive Exams<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Focus_on_Biodiversity_Hotspots\" >Focus on Biodiversity Hotspots<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Intersection_of_Technology_Taxonomy\" >Intersection of Technology &amp; Taxonomy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Historical_Context\" >Historical Context<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Lichen_Research_in_India\" >Lichen Research in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Symbiosis_Studies\" >Symbiosis Studies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Western_Ghats_%E2%80%93_A_Biodiversity_Treasure\" >Western Ghats \u2013 A Biodiversity Treasure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Key_Takeaways_from_Allographa_effusosoredica_Discovery\" >Key Takeaways from Allographa effusosoredica Discovery<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#FAQs_%E2%80%93_Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >FAQs \u2013 Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/national\/new-lichen-species-allographa-effusosoredica-discovered-in-western-ghats\/#Some_Important_Current_Affairs_Links\" >Some Important Current Affairs Links<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"New_lichen_species_Allographa_effusosoredica_discovered_in_Western_Ghats_by_Agharkar_Research_Institute_marking_Indias_first_DNA-confirmed_Allographa_species_Learn_key_facts_for_UPSC_SSC_and_government_exams\"><\/span><strong>New lichen species Allographa effusosoredica discovered in Western Ghats<\/strong> by Agharkar Research Institute, marking India\u2019s first DNA-confirmed Allographa species. Learn key facts for UPSC, SSC, and government exams.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"New_Lichen_Species_%E2%80%93_Allographa_effusosoredica_Discovered_in_the_Western_Ghats\"><\/span>New Lichen Species \u2013 <em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em> Discovered in the Western Ghats<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In July 2025, a team of researchers from the MACS\u2011Agharkar Research Institute, Pune (under DST) unveiled a novel species of crustose lichen\u2014<em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em>\u2014in the biodiversity-rich Western Ghats. This marks the first Allographa species from India confirmed through DNA-based evidence <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Taxonomy_Description\"><\/span>Taxonomy &amp; Description<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Crustose form<\/strong>: Exhibits a thin, tightly adhering crust-like morphology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Effuse soredia<\/strong>: Powdery reproductive granules that distinguish it morphologically.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Norstictic acid presence<\/strong>: A rare chemical compound among its genus <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Molecular_Identification_Phylogeny\"><\/span>Molecular Identification &amp; Phylogeny<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers employed a polyphasic taxonomic approach combining:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Morphological<\/strong> observation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemical<\/strong> spot tests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Molecular<\/strong> markers (mtSSU, LSU, RPB2 for the fungal component; ITS for the algal) <br>Genetic analysis shows a closer relationship to <em>Allographa xanthospora<\/em>, despite displaying morphological resemblance to <em>Graphis glaucescens<\/em>. This highlights taxonomic intricacies within the Graphidaceae family <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ecological_and_Scientific_Significance\"><\/span>Ecological and Scientific Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Biodiversity enhancement<\/strong>: India now records 53 <em>Allographa<\/em> species, 22 of them endemic to the Western Ghats <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ecosystem role<\/strong>: Lichens facilitate soil formation, nutrient cycles, and act as vital bio\u2011indicators of air quality <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Research milestone<\/strong>: This discovery underscores the importance of DNA sequencing in unlocking cryptic species and understanding symbiotic adaptations in tropical ecosystems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Future_Prospects\"><\/span>Future Prospects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Encourages further <strong>molecular taxonomy in lichenology<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports <strong>conservation strategies<\/strong> in the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offers insights for <strong>competitive exams<\/strong> on environment, biodiversity, and science &amp; tech<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\" id=\"New-Lichen-Species-Allographa-effusosoredica-Discovered-in-Western-Ghats\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/globalbihari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/plants-7571917_1280-768x511.jpg\" alt=\"New Lichen Species Allographa effusosoredica Discovered in Western Ghats\" title=\"New Lichen Species Allographa effusosoredica Discovered in Western Ghats\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">New Lichen Species Allographa effusosoredica Discovered in Western Ghats<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_This_News_Matters\"><\/span>Why This News Matters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevance_for_Competitive_Exams\"><\/span>Relevance for Competitive Exams<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The discovery represents a significant addition to India\u2019s scientific and ecological knowledge\u2014key topics in GS Papers, Environment and Ecology for UPSC, SSC, State PSCs, banking, railways, and defence exams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Focus_on_Biodiversity_Hotspots\"><\/span>Focus on Biodiversity Hotspots<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>With the Western Ghats being a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the world\u2019s eight biodiversity hotspots, this discovery emphasizes conservation strategies and ecological importance\u2014frequent themes in civil service interviews and service-level papers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intersection_of_Technology_Taxonomy\"><\/span>Intersection of Technology &amp; Taxonomy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Analysing DNA (mtSSU, LSU, RPB2, ITS) reflects how molecular tools are reshaping traditional taxonomy\u2014a trend increasingly highlighted in recent exam syllabi under \u2018Science &amp; Technology\u2019 and &#8216;Ecological Research&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Context\"><\/span>Historical Context<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lichen_Research_in_India\"><\/span>Lichen Research in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lichenology has progressed in India since the mid-20th century, yet many species remained unclassified without molecular evidence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em> stands as <strong>the first DNA-sequenced Allographa in India<\/strong>, advancing both taxonomy and systematics in Graphidaceae <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Symbiosis_Studies\"><\/span>Symbiosis Studies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lichens exhibit mutualism between fungal and algal partners.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The identification of <em>Trentepohlia<\/em> highlights local adaptation in photobionts, affirming evolving concepts of co-evolution and symbiotic selection <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Western_Ghats_%E2%80%93_A_Biodiversity_Treasure\"><\/span>Western Ghats \u2013 A Biodiversity Treasure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A global hotspot hosting ~1\/3 of India&#8217;s plant species and numerous endemic forms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discoveries like this strengthen calls for ecosystem protection and ongoing documentation of cryptic biodiversity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Takeaways_from_Allographa_effusosoredica_Discovery\"><\/span>Key Takeaways from <em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em> Discovery<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>#<\/th><th>Key Takeaway<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1<\/td><td><em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em> is a <strong>new crustose lichen<\/strong> species discovered in the Western Ghats<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>First Allographa species from India confirmed using <strong>DNA sequencing<\/strong> (mtSSU, LSU, RPB2, ITS)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Contains <strong>effuse soredia<\/strong> and the uncommon <strong>norstictic acid<\/strong>, aiding in species identification<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>Shows <strong>symbiosis<\/strong> with alga <em>Trentepohlia<\/em>, indicating local adaptation of photobionts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>Boosts India\u2019s <em>Allographa<\/em> count to <strong>53 species nationally<\/strong>, with 22 from the Western Ghats<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">New Lichen Species Allographa effusosoredica Discovered in Western Ghats<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_%E2%80%93_Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span><strong>FAQs \u2013 Frequently Asked Questions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. What is the name of the new lichen species discovered in the Western Ghats?<\/strong><br>The species is named <em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em>, a type of crustose lichen recently identified by scientists from Agharkar Research Institute, Pune.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Which institute led the discovery of <em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em>?<\/strong><br>The MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, under the Department of Science &amp; Technology (DST), led the research and discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Why is this discovery important for competitive exams?<\/strong><br>This discovery relates to environmental conservation, biodiversity hotspots (like the Western Ghats), and scientific techniques like molecular taxonomy\u2014frequently asked topics in UPSC, State PSCs, SSC, and other exams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. What makes this species unique from other lichens?<\/strong><br>It has effuse soredia (powdery reproductive granules), contains the rare chemical compound norstictic acid, and shows a symbiotic relationship with the alga <em>Trentepohlia<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. What molecular techniques were used to confirm the new species?<\/strong><br>DNA sequencing involving markers like mtSSU, LSU, RPB2 (fungal), and ITS (algal) was used to validate the new species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. How many Allographa species are found in India now?<\/strong><br>There are 53 known Allographa species in India, with 22 endemic to the Western Ghats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. What ecological role do lichens play?<\/strong><br>Lichens contribute to soil formation, nutrient cycling, and are indicators of air quality, thus supporting ecosystem health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. What is the significance of the Western Ghats in biodiversity?<\/strong><br>The Western Ghats is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world\u2019s eight biodiversity hotspots, home to numerous endemic plant and animal species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Which alga partners with <em>Allographa effusosoredica<\/em>?<\/strong><br>The species has a photobiont (algal partner) named <em>Trentepohlia<\/em>, indicating mutual symbiosis in its growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Is this species the first of its kind to be identified using DNA in India?<\/strong><br>Yes, this is the <strong>first Allographa species from India<\/strong> to be confirmed using DNA-based molecular evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Important_Current_Affairs_Links\"><\/span>Some Important Current Affairs Links<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/national\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">State Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" 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