{"id":10579,"date":"2023-11-06T16:45:12","date_gmt":"2023-11-06T11:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/?p=10579"},"modified":"2023-11-06T16:45:42","modified_gmt":"2023-11-06T11:15:42","slug":"chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/","title":{"rendered":"Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023: Insights for Government Exams on Security Challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue_2023_Concludes_with_Takeaways_on_Security_Challenges\" >Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023 Concludes with Takeaways on Security Challenges<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Why_this_News_is_Important\" >Why this News is Important<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Historical_Context\" >Historical Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Key_Takeaways_from_Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue_2023\" >Key Takeaways from Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Important_FAQs_for_Students_from_this_News\" >Important FAQs for Students from this News<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Q1_What_is_the_Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue\" >Q1. What is the Chanakya Defence Dialogue?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Q2_How_can_the_dialogue_benefit_government_exam_aspirants\" >Q2. How can the dialogue benefit government exam aspirants?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Q3_Why_is_cybersecurity_a_significant_focus_of_the_dialogue\" >Q3. Why is cybersecurity a significant focus of the dialogue?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Q4_What_is_the_importance_of_self-reliance_in_defence_manufacturing_discussed_at_the_dialogue\" >Q4. What is the importance of self-reliance in defence manufacturing discussed at the dialogue?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Q5_Why_is_maritime_security_a_key_theme_at_the_Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue\" >Q5. Why is maritime security a key theme at the Chanakya Defence Dialogue?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/defence\/chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-explore-the-highlights-of-the-chanakya-defence-dialogue-2023-and-its-relevance-to-government-exams\/#Some_Important_Current_Affairs_Links\" >Some Important Current Affairs Links<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue_2023_Concludes_with_Takeaways_on_Security_Challenges\"><\/span><strong>Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023 Concludes with Takeaways on Security Challenges<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023 recently concluded, leaving significant takeaways for aspirants preparing for various government exams, including those for teaching positions, police officers, banking, railways, and defence services, along with civil service positions such as PSCS to IAS. In this article, we will delve into the key highlights of the event, its importance, historical context, and five essential takeaways that students should be aware of for their exams.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\" id=\"&quot;Chanakya-Defence-Dialogue-2023&quot;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chanakya-Defence-Dialogue-2023.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023&quot;\n\" class=\"wp-image-10580\" width=\"461\" height=\"307\" title=\"&quot;Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023&quot;\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_this_News_is_Important\"><\/span><strong>Why this News is Important<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Strengthening National Security<\/strong>: The Chanakya Defence Dialogue is crucial as it focuses on national security issues, providing insights into the challenges and strategies needed to safeguard our nation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Relevance for Civil Services Aspirants<\/strong>: For candidates preparing for the civil services, this event offers a deep understanding of defence and security policies, which are significant aspects of the UPSC syllabus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Insights<\/strong>: The dialogue hosts international experts, fostering global cooperation and offering a broader perspective on security challenges, a relevant topic in today&#8217;s interconnected world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Context\"><\/span><strong>Historical Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chanakya Defence Dialogue is an annual event that began in 2018. Named after the ancient Indian strategist Chanakya, this event aims to bring together military experts, diplomats, and policymakers to discuss and address contemporary security challenges. It provides a platform for sharing ideas, strategies, and insights to enhance India&#8217;s national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Takeaways_from_Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue_2023\"><\/span><strong>Key Takeaways from Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Serial Number<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Key Takeaway<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1.<\/td><td><strong>Strengthening Cybersecurity<\/strong>: The dialogue emphasized the need to bolster our cybersecurity infrastructure to protect against cyber threats, a pressing concern in the digital age.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.<\/td><td><strong>Indigenization of Defence<\/strong>: The event highlighted the importance of self-reliance in defence manufacturing, aligning with the government&#8217;s &#8216;Make in India&#8217; initiative.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.<\/td><td><strong>Countering Hybrid Warfare<\/strong>: Strategies to counter hybrid warfare, which combines conventional and unconventional tactics, were discussed in-depth.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4.<\/td><td><strong>Maritime Security<\/strong>: Ensuring the safety and security of India&#8217;s maritime interests was a key theme, given our extensive coastline and oceanic resources.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5.<\/td><td><strong>Global Alliances<\/strong>: The dialogue stressed the significance of building and strengthening alliances with like-minded nations to address common security challenges.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_FAQs_for_Students_from_this_News\"><\/span>Important FAQs for Students from this News<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q1_What_is_the_Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue\"><\/span><strong>Q1. What is the Chanakya Defence Dialogue?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A1. The Chanakya Defence Dialogue is an annual event that brings together military experts, diplomats, and policymakers to discuss contemporary security challenges and strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q2_How_can_the_dialogue_benefit_government_exam_aspirants\"><\/span><strong>Q2. How can the dialogue benefit government exam aspirants?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A2. Aspirants can gain insights into national security, defence policies, and global security issues, which are relevant for various government exams, especially civil services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q3_Why_is_cybersecurity_a_significant_focus_of_the_dialogue\"><\/span><strong>Q3. Why is cybersecurity a significant focus of the dialogue?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A3. Cybersecurity is crucial in the digital age, and the dialogue highlights the need to strengthen India&#8217;s cybersecurity infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q4_What_is_the_importance_of_self-reliance_in_defence_manufacturing_discussed_at_the_dialogue\"><\/span><strong>Q4. What is the importance of self-reliance in defence manufacturing discussed at the dialogue?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A4. Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is aligned with the &#8216;Make in India&#8217; initiative, aiming to reduce dependence on foreign imports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q5_Why_is_maritime_security_a_key_theme_at_the_Chanakya_Defence_Dialogue\"><\/span><strong>Q5. Why is maritime security a key theme at the Chanakya Defence Dialogue?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A5. India&#8217;s extensive coastline and maritime interests make maritime security a critical aspect of our national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Important_Current_Affairs_Links\"><\/span>Some Important Current Affairs Links<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/national\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">State Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/sports\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sports Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--3\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/international\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">International Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/banking\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Banking Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/railway\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Railways Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/defence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Defence Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--4\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs?newsmaticargs=custom&amp;posts=today\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Daily Current Affairs<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--5\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairsinhindi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Current Affairs In Hindi<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--6\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/category\/news-and-notifications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">News and Notifications<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.edunovations.quiz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Banner-current-affairs-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Download this App for Daily Current Affairs MCQ&#039;s\" class=\"wp-image-247\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Banner-current-affairs-2-1.jpg 900w, https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Banner-current-affairs-2-1-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Banner-current-affairs-2-1-768x128.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Download this App for Daily Current Affairs MCQ&#8217;s<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\" id=\"News-Website-Development-Company\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.martindiainfotech.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/News-Website-Development-Company-Banner.png\" alt=\"News Website Development Company\" class=\"wp-image-438\" title=\"News Website Development Company\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/News-Website-Development-Company-Banner.png 900w, https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/News-Website-Development-Company-Banner-300x50.png 300w, https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/News-Website-Development-Company-Banner-768x128.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">News Website Development Company<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023 Concludes with Takeaways on Security Challenges The Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2023 recently concluded, leaving significant takeaways for aspirants preparing for various government exams, including those for teaching positions, police officers, banking, railways, and defence services, along with civil service positions such as PSCS to IAS. In this article, we will delve&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,10],"tags":[1709,6742,193,6741,962],"class_list":["post-10579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-defence","category-national","tag-cybersecurity","tag-defence-dialogue","tag-government-exams","tag-indias-maritime-interests","tag-national-security"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10579"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10579\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edunovations.com\/currentaffairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}